Edgar Allen Poe
Best known for his poems and short fiction, Edgar Allan Poe, b. Boston, Jan. 19, 1809, d. Oct. 7, 1849, deserves more credit than any other writer for the transformation of the short story from anecdote to art. He virtually created the detective story and perfected the psychological thriller.
He also produced some of the most influential literary criticism of his time -- important theoretical statements on poetry and the short story --and has had a worldwide influence on literature.
Early Life and Works
Poe's parents were touring actors; both died before he was 3 years old, and he was taken into the home of John Allan, a prosperous merchant in Richmond, Va., and baptized Edgar Allan Poe. His childhood was uneventful, although he studied (1815-20) for 5 years in England. In 1826 he entered the University of Virginia but stayed for only a year. Although a good student, he ran up large gambling debts that Allan refused to pay. Allan prevented his return to the university and broke off Poe's engagement to Sarah Elmira Royster, his Richmond sweetheart. Lacking any means of support, Poe enlisted in the army. He had, however, already written and printed (at his own expense) his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), verses written in the manner of Byron.
Temporarily reconciled, Allan secured Poe's release from the army and his appointment to West Point but refused to provide financial support. After 6 months Poe apparently contrived to be dismissed from West Point for disobedience of orders. His fellow cadets, however, contributed the funds for the publication of Poems by Edgar A. Poe...Second Edition (1831), actually a third edition -- after Tamerlane and Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems (1829). This volume contained the famous "To Helen" and "Israfel," poems that show the restraint and the calculated musical effects of language that were to characterize his poetry.
Editorial Career
Poe next took up residence in Baltimore with his widowed aunt, Maria Clemm, and her daughter, Virginia, and turned to fiction as a way to support himself. In 1832 the Philadelphia Saturday Courier published five of his stories -- all comic or satiric -- and in 1833, "MS. Found in a Bottle" won a $50 prize given by the Baltimore Saturday Visitor. Poe, his aunt, and Virginia moved to Richmond in 1835, and he became editor of the Southern Literary Messenger and married Virginia, who was not yet 14 years old.
Poe published fiction, notably his most horrifying tale, "Berenice," in the Messenger, but most of his contributions were serious, analytical, and critical reviews that earned him respect as a critic. He praised the young Dickens and a few other contemporaries but devoted most of his attention to devastating reviews of popular contemporary authors. His contributions undoubtedly increased the magazine's circulation, but they offended its owner, who also took exception to Poe's drinking. The January 1837 issue of the Messenger announced Poe's withdrawal as editor but also included the first installment of his long prose tale, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, five of his reviews, and two of his poems. This was to be the paradoxical pattern for Poe's career: success as an artist and editor but failure to satisfy his employers and to secure a livelihood.
First in New York City (1837), then in Philadelphia (1838-44), and again in New York (1844-49), Poe sought to establish himself as a force in literary journalism, but with only moderate success. He did succeed, however, in formulating influential literary theories and in demonstrating mastery of the forms he favored--highly musical poems and short prose narratives. Both forms, he argued, should aim at "a certain unique or single effect." His theory of short fiction is best exemplified in "Ligeia" (1838), the tale Poe considered his finest, and "The Fall of The House of Usher" (1839), which was to become one of his most famous stories. "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" (1841) is sometimes considered the first detective story. Exemplary among his musical, ellifluous verses are "The Raven" (1845) and "The Bells" (1849).
Virginia's death in January 1847 was a heavy blow, but Poe continued to write and lecture. In the summer of 1849 he revisited Richmond, lectured, and was accepted anew by the fiancé he had lost in 1826. After his return north he was found unconscious on a Baltimore street. In a brief obituary the Baltimore Clipper reported that Poe had died of "congestion of the brain."
Copyright - 1993 Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc.; reprinted by permission
Edgar Allan Poe's life is shrouded by misinformation (i.e. lies), lack of facts, and an undue connection with his Gothic works and his own life. His literary reviews were so harsh he was called 'Comanche' or the 'Tomahawk Man.' He was a weak drinker, becoming drunk easily. He was devoted to his family who adored him. When examined, the body of his work is not Gothic but contains reason, parodies, some satires, many comedies, science fiction, and tales of 'ratiocination.' He popularized science fiction and invented the detective story. Without Poe, there would be no Sam Spade, Hercule Poirot, Sherlock Holmes, Miss Marple, Nancy Drew, or Richard Castle (whoever he may be). Jules Verne acknowledges Poe as a mentor.
The attacks on his character are largely unfounded. Jealousy plays a part on these attacks. Arthur Conan Doyle once stated that brilliant intellects cannot bear the presence of minds and talents greater than their own. This is, many sources agree, a major reasons for the attacks. 19th century American produced 6 artistic geniuses: Mark Twain, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Foster and Scott Joplin (composers), and the first--Poe.
He also produced some of the most influential literary criticism of his time -- important theoretical statements on poetry and the short story --and has had a worldwide influence on literature.
Early Life and Works
Poe's parents were touring actors; both died before he was 3 years old, and he was taken into the home of John Allan, a prosperous merchant in Richmond, Va., and baptized Edgar Allan Poe. His childhood was uneventful, although he studied (1815-20) for 5 years in England. In 1826 he entered the University of Virginia but stayed for only a year. Although a good student, he ran up large gambling debts that Allan refused to pay. Allan prevented his return to the university and broke off Poe's engagement to Sarah Elmira Royster, his Richmond sweetheart. Lacking any means of support, Poe enlisted in the army. He had, however, already written and printed (at his own expense) his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), verses written in the manner of Byron.
Temporarily reconciled, Allan secured Poe's release from the army and his appointment to West Point but refused to provide financial support. After 6 months Poe apparently contrived to be dismissed from West Point for disobedience of orders. His fellow cadets, however, contributed the funds for the publication of Poems by Edgar A. Poe...Second Edition (1831), actually a third edition -- after Tamerlane and Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems (1829). This volume contained the famous "To Helen" and "Israfel," poems that show the restraint and the calculated musical effects of language that were to characterize his poetry.
Editorial Career
Poe next took up residence in Baltimore with his widowed aunt, Maria Clemm, and her daughter, Virginia, and turned to fiction as a way to support himself. In 1832 the Philadelphia Saturday Courier published five of his stories -- all comic or satiric -- and in 1833, "MS. Found in a Bottle" won a $50 prize given by the Baltimore Saturday Visitor. Poe, his aunt, and Virginia moved to Richmond in 1835, and he became editor of the Southern Literary Messenger and married Virginia, who was not yet 14 years old.
Poe published fiction, notably his most horrifying tale, "Berenice," in the Messenger, but most of his contributions were serious, analytical, and critical reviews that earned him respect as a critic. He praised the young Dickens and a few other contemporaries but devoted most of his attention to devastating reviews of popular contemporary authors. His contributions undoubtedly increased the magazine's circulation, but they offended its owner, who also took exception to Poe's drinking. The January 1837 issue of the Messenger announced Poe's withdrawal as editor but also included the first installment of his long prose tale, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, five of his reviews, and two of his poems. This was to be the paradoxical pattern for Poe's career: success as an artist and editor but failure to satisfy his employers and to secure a livelihood.
First in New York City (1837), then in Philadelphia (1838-44), and again in New York (1844-49), Poe sought to establish himself as a force in literary journalism, but with only moderate success. He did succeed, however, in formulating influential literary theories and in demonstrating mastery of the forms he favored--highly musical poems and short prose narratives. Both forms, he argued, should aim at "a certain unique or single effect." His theory of short fiction is best exemplified in "Ligeia" (1838), the tale Poe considered his finest, and "The Fall of The House of Usher" (1839), which was to become one of his most famous stories. "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" (1841) is sometimes considered the first detective story. Exemplary among his musical, ellifluous verses are "The Raven" (1845) and "The Bells" (1849).
Virginia's death in January 1847 was a heavy blow, but Poe continued to write and lecture. In the summer of 1849 he revisited Richmond, lectured, and was accepted anew by the fiancé he had lost in 1826. After his return north he was found unconscious on a Baltimore street. In a brief obituary the Baltimore Clipper reported that Poe had died of "congestion of the brain."
Copyright - 1993 Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc.; reprinted by permission
Edgar Allan Poe's life is shrouded by misinformation (i.e. lies), lack of facts, and an undue connection with his Gothic works and his own life. His literary reviews were so harsh he was called 'Comanche' or the 'Tomahawk Man.' He was a weak drinker, becoming drunk easily. He was devoted to his family who adored him. When examined, the body of his work is not Gothic but contains reason, parodies, some satires, many comedies, science fiction, and tales of 'ratiocination.' He popularized science fiction and invented the detective story. Without Poe, there would be no Sam Spade, Hercule Poirot, Sherlock Holmes, Miss Marple, Nancy Drew, or Richard Castle (whoever he may be). Jules Verne acknowledges Poe as a mentor.
The attacks on his character are largely unfounded. Jealousy plays a part on these attacks. Arthur Conan Doyle once stated that brilliant intellects cannot bear the presence of minds and talents greater than their own. This is, many sources agree, a major reasons for the attacks. 19th century American produced 6 artistic geniuses: Mark Twain, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Foster and Scott Joplin (composers), and the first--Poe.